Morphoanatomical study of the species Zanthoxylum kleinii (R.S. Cowan) P.G. Waterman (Rutaceae).

The order Sapindales is comprised of nine families and in Brazil it is represented by six, including Rutaceae Juss., which constitutes the largest group of this order. A variety of species of Zanthoxylum L. are distributed throughout the country, and among them is the species Zanthoxylum kleinii (R.S. Cowan) P.G. Waterman, which is found in the states of Brazil. This study aimed to characterize the morphoanatomy of the leaf, petiole, rachis, and stem of the species Z. kleinii. Histochemical tests were performed, and the sections were visualized under optical and scanning electron microscopy. The analysis showed that the morphoanatomical characteristics of the species are: hypoestomatic leaflets; stomata classified as anomocytic, tetracytic, and anisocytic; dorsiventral mesophyll; cavities that produce a secretion of lipid nature, present in the leaflet, rachis, and petiole; colleters distributed in the leaf; presence of simple non-glandular trichomes in all structures; and prismatic crystals in the petiole. Histochemical tests indicated the presence of phenolic and lipophilic compounds, mucilage, and lignin. With the result of this research, it was possible to identify the nature of the compounds secreted by the secretory structures of the leaves; in addition, the morphoanatomical characterization of Z. kleinii can provide relevant data for future studies for other organs of the species not yet described. Furthermore, contributing concomitantly with data for the genus, in this way, supporting to differentiate them. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Ultrastructural features observed by microscopic techniques. Calcium oxalate crystals present in the rachis. Microchemical tests confirmed the presence of colleters in the leaflet.

Guettarda uruguensis (Rubiaceae): antioxidant and anti-inflammatory plant with quercetin and esters of p-coumaric acid.

Guettarda (Rubiaceae) is a genus known for its diverse range of bioactive compounds, with demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Guettarda uruguensis Cham. & Schltdl., commonly known as 'jasmim uruguaio' or 'veludinho,' is a native species of the Atlantic Forest that get interested in its potential therapeutic applications. In this study, we evaluated the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the crude ethanol extract obtained from G. uruguensis leaves (EBGF) and fractions, as well as the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and toxicity activity of the EBGF. Our findings revealed that the EBGF and its fractions contain polyphenolic compounds, including long-chain esters of p-coumaric acid and quercetin, which contribute to their potent antioxidant activity. The EBGF exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects, highlighting its potential as a natural product for treating pain and inflammation. Our study supports G. uruguensis as a promising source of bioactive compounds with pharmacological potential.

Metabólitos bioativos e atividades biológicas, tóxicas e farmacológicas de plantas ornamentais: uma revisão das espécies hydrangea macrophylla, euphorbia milii, dieffenbachia seguine e dracaena trifasciata / Bioactive metabolites and biological, toxic and pharmacological activities of ornamental plants: a review of the species hydrangea macrophylla, euphorbia milii, dieffenbachia seguine and dracaena trifasciata / Metabolitos bioactivos y actividades biológicas, tóxicas y farmacológicas de plantas ornamentales: una revisión de las especies hydrangea macrophylla, euphorbia milii, dieffenbachia seguine y dracaena trifasciata

As plantas ornamentais foram selecionadas pelo homem a partir de caracteres atraentes e começaram a ser cultivadas por sua beleza. São utilizadas frequentemente em arquitetura e paisagismo de espaços externos, porém, pode possuir princípios ativos que as tornam tóxicas e que podem causar danos a saúde como irritações na pele e mucosas. No Brasil há descritas diversas plantas de uso ornamental e que são consideradas tóxicas, dentre elas podemos destacar popularmente hortênsia, comigo-ninguém-pode, espada-de- são-jorge e a coroa-de-cristo e na literatura o envenenamento humano por essas plantas tóxicas quase não é documentado o que despertou interesse nessa revisão. Logo, esse estudo possui objetivo de revisar as bases de dados em busca de informações de atividades biológicas, tóxicas, farmacológicas e de metabólitos bioativos das espécies Hydrangea macrophylla, Euphorbia milii, Dieffenbachia seguine e Dracaena trifasciata. Para o compilado de dados deste artigo de revisão, foram utilizados 51 artigos que reuniram as condições de elegibilidade buscadas. Os artigos foram lidos na integra e os dados agregados em tabela ou texto. Esta revisão observou que a maioria dos ensaios aplicados nessas espécies foram de caráter toxicológico e objetivavam a busca de veículos para controle de doenças ocasionadas por vetores. Os ensaios demonstraram potencial tóxico preliminar, justificando os efeitos relacionados à intoxicação ou aos danos á saúde como irritações na pele e mucosas.

Ornamental plants were selected by man from attractive characters and began to be cultivated for their beauty. They are often used in architecture and landscaping of outdoor spaces; however, they may have active ingredients that make them toxic and that can cause health damage such as skin and mucous membrane irritations. In Brazil there are described several plants of ornamental use and that are considered toxic, among them we can highlight hortênsia, comigo-ninguém-pode, espada-de-são-jorge e a coroa-de- cristo, and in the literature the human poisoning by these toxic plants is hardly documented which aroused interest in this review. Therefore, this study aims to review the databases in search of information on biological, toxic, pharmacological activities and bioactive metabolites of the species Hydrangea macrophylla, Euphorbia milii, Dieffenbachia seguine and Dracaena trifasciata. To compile data from this review article, 51 articles were used that met the sought eligibility conditions. The articles were read in full and the data aggregated in a table or text. This review noted that most of the tests applied to these species were toxicological in nature and aimed to search for vehicles to control diseases caused by vectors. The trials demonstrated preliminary toxic potential, justifying the effects related to intoxication or damage to health such as skin and mucous membrane irritations.

Las plantas ornamentales fueron seleccionadas por el hombre a partir de caracteres atractivos y empezaron a cultivarse por su belleza. A menudo se utilizan en la arquitectura y el paisajismo de espacios exteriores; sin embargo, pueden tener principios activos que las hacen tóxicas y que pueden causar daños a la salud, como irritaciones de la piel y de las mucosas. En Brasil están descritas varias plantas de uso ornamental y que son consideradas tóxicas, entre ellas se destacan hortênsia, comigo-ninguém-pode, espada-de-são-jorge e a coroa-de- cristo, y en la literatura el envenenamiento humano por estas plantas tóxicas está poco documentado lo que despertó el interés en esta revisión. Por lo tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo revisar las bases de datos en busca de información sobre las actividades biológicas, tóxicas, farmacológicas y metabolitos bioactivos de las especies Hydrangea macrophylla, Euphorbia milii, Dieffenbachia seguine y Dracaena trifasciata. Para recopilar los datos de este artículo de revisión, se utilizaron 51 artículos que cumplían las condiciones de elegibilidad buscadas. Los artículos se leyeron en su totalidad y los datos se agregaron en una tabla o texto. En esta revisión se observó que la mayoría de los ensayos aplicados a estas especies eran de naturaleza toxicológica y tenían como objetivo la búsqueda de vehículos para el control de enfermedades causadas por vectores. Los ensayos demostraron potencial tóxico preliminar, justificando los efectos relacionados con intoxicación o daños a la salud, como irritaciones de piel y mucosas.

Atividade larvicida contra aedes aegypti e toxicidade preliminar contra artemia salina l. de extratos e frações de monteverdia evonymoides (reissek) biral / Larvicidal activity against aedes aegypti and preliminary toxicity against artemia salina l. of extracts and fractions of monteverdia evonymoides (reissek) biral. / Actividad larvicida contra aedes aegypti y toxicidad preli- minar contra artemia salina l. de extractos y fracciones de monteverdia evonymoides (reissek) biral.

Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) é o principal vetor das arboviroses dengue, zika, chikungunya e febre amarela. A busca por inseticidas naturais para combater o mosquito ganha destaque nos países de clima tropical. Considerando a atividade larvicida presente no gênero Monteverdia o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o potencial larvicida dos extratos e frações da espécie Monteverdia evonymoides (Reissek) Biral. O material vegetal (folhas e galhos) foi seco a temperatura ambiente, foi moído e submetido a extração em Soxhlet modificado. A toxicidade foi avaliada por meio do bioensaio com Artemia salina L. As larvas de Aedes aegypti foram expostas nas concentrações 10, 100, 500 e 1000 µg.mL⁻¹. Após 24H foi realizada a leitura da mortalidade (CL50) e submetido método estatístico Probit. As amostras não apresentaram toxicidade frente a Artemia salina L. (>1000 µg.mL⁻¹) e apresentaram potencial larvida no controle de larvas de terceiro estádio, com CL50 >200 µg.mL⁻¹. Os extratos de M. Evonymoides são seguros e apresentaram potencial larvicida contra larvas do mosquito.

Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) is the main vector of arboviruses den- gue, zika, chikungunya and yellow fever. The search for natural insecticides to combat the mosquito is highlighted in countries with a tropical climate. Considering the larvicidal activity present in the genus Monteverdia, the objective of the study was to evaluate the larvicidal potential of extracts and fractions of the species Monteverdia evonymoides (Reissek) Biral. The plant material (leaves and branches) was dried at room temperature, ground and subjected to extraction in modified Soxhlet. Toxicity was evaluated by bio- assay with Artemia salina L. Aedes aegypti larvae were exposed to concentrations of 10, 100, 500 and 1000 µg.mL⁻¹. After 24 hours, the mortality reading (CL50) was performed and the Probit statistical method was submitted. The samples did not show toxicity against Artemia salina L. (>1000 µg.mL⁻¹) and showed potential larval life in the control of third- stage larvae, with CL50 >200 µg.mL⁻¹. M. Evonymoides extracts are safe and showed lar- vicidal potential against mosquito larvae.

Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) es el principal vector de los arbovirus dengue, zika, chikungunya y fiebre amarilla. Se destaca la búsqueda de insecticidas natu- rales para combatir el mosquito en países con clima tropical. Considerando la actividad larvicida presente en el género Monteverdia, el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el poten- cial larvicida de extractos y fracciones de la especie Monteverdia evonymoides (Reissek) Biral. El material vegetal (hojas y ramas) fue secado a temperatura ambiente, molido y sometido a extracción en Soxhlet modificado. La toxicidad se evaluó mediante el bioen- sayo con Artemia salina L. Se expusieron larvas de Aedes aegypti a concentraciones de 10, 100, 500 y 1000 µg.mL⁻¹. A las 24 horas se realizó la lectura de mortalidad (CL50) y se sometió al método estadístico Probit. Las muestras no presentaron toxicidad contra Artemia salina L. (>1000 µg.mL⁻¹) y mostraron potencial de vida larvaria en el control de larvas de tercer estadio, con CL50 >200 µg.mL⁻¹. Los extractos de M. Evonymoides son seguros y mostraron potencial larvicida contra las larvas de mosquitos.

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) natural antiviral inhibitors: a review.

Viral diseases are the cause of many global epidemics, leading to deaths, affecting the quality of life of populations, and impairing public health. The limitations in the treatment of viral diseases and the constant resistance to conventional antiviral treatments encourage researchers to discover new compounds. In this perspective, this literature review presents isolated molecules and extracts of natural products capable of inhibiting the activity of the nonstructural protein that acts as the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The literature review presented natural compounds with the potential to be tested as alternative medicines or used in the development of synthetic drugs to prevent the replication of RNA viruses, such as COVID-19, hepatitis C, and dengue viruses, among others. Natural products are known to exhibit remarkable activities in mitigation of different viral diseases, in addition, they help to decrease the aggravation of infections. Consequently, reducing hospitalization time and deaths.

Characterization and identification of chemical constituents of Ocotea paranaensis Brotto, Baitello, Cervi, & E.P. Santos and their biological properties.

The growing interest in the discovery of new compounds from medicinal plants justifies the study of phytochemical components of these plants and their biological activities. The genus Ocotea exhibits a variety of pharmacological, antimicrobial and antioxidant effects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential and antimicrobial properties of the ethyl acetate fraction of Ocotea paranaensis leaves. Isolation and identification of the phenolic compounds from the fraction was also carried out. The isolated compounds were characterized by one and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and identified as (-) epicatechin (1), quercetin (2), kaempferol (3) and hyperin (4). The ethyl acetate fraction of Ocotea paranaensis leaves demonstrated considerable antioxidant potential. The observed minimum inhibitory concentration of 500 µg/mL was classified as a moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Findings from this study demonstrate the utility of this plant as a potential source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.

Ocotea nutans (Nees) Mez: structural elucidation of C-hetorosides flavonoids and evaluation of their antioxidant and antibacterial properties from ethyl acetate extract.

The Ocotea genus exhibits a variety of pharmacological, antibacterial and antioxidant effects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential and antibacterial properties of the ethyl acetate fraction of Ocotea nutans leaves. Isolation and identification of the phenolic compounds from the fraction was also carried out. The isolated compounds were characterised by one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and identified as vitexin (1) and isovitexin (2). The ethyl acetate fraction of Ocotea nutans leaves demonstrated considerable antioxidant potential. The observed minimum inhibitory concentration of 250 µg.mL-1 was classified as a moderate antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis. Findings from this study demonstrate the utility of this plant as a potential source of antioxidant and antibacterial agents.

Evaluation of the nutritional composition and antioxidant activity of Bjerkandera adusta

Abstract Bjerkandera adusta, a globally distributed fungus, is commonly used in the nutritional practices of the East Asian population. In this study, we evaluated the nutritional composition of the lyophilized mycelium of B. adusta as well as the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of its extracts. The mycelium exhibited moisture (7.97 %), ash (3.27 %), and fiber (5.31 %) content values similar to the established values reported in the available literature. In addition, a high protein (9.32 %) and carbohydrate (63.45 %) content was shown, with a low lipid (1.36 %) content. The energy value per 100 g sample of mycelium was 1445.85 kJ. The results obtained indicated a statistically significant variation (p < 0.05) in the phenolic composition (81.84-110.96 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g of extract), free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity (IC50 29.05-340.46 µg·mL-1), phosphomolybdenum antioxidant content (34.89-55.64 %), reduction of ferricyanide ion (66.55-69.4 %), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values (44.66-133.03 %). These results are unprecedented for this species and emphasize its nutraceutical potential.

A novel approach to Cestrum intermedium (mata-boi): anatomical and physical-chemical characterization, in vitro biological activities, and metabolites of a Brazilian native species

Abstract The Brazilian native species Cestrum intermedium, known as mata-boi, induces hepatotoxicity and death when ingested by cattle. While most studies on this species focus on toxicological features, our study is the first to describe the anatomy and in vitro biological activities of Cestrum intermedium. We investigated adult leaves and stems by histochemistry, described their anatomy, performed physical-chemical analysis, determined in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and identified secondary metabolites. A few noteworthy anatomical features were the anomocytic stomata on the abaxial surface and the absence of trichomes, in addition to the circular shaped petiole with two projections on the adaxial surface. Histochemical analysis showed chemical markers such as alkaloids, usually reported as toxic, and terpenoids. Potassium nitrate (ATR-FTIR) and lupeol palmitate (NMR) were detected on the crude stem extract. Thermogravimetric and physical-chemical analysis provided fingerprint parameters for the species. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay revealed that Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Candida albicans were weakly inhibited by extract samples. Chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions presented high phenolic content, which resulted in in vitro antioxidant activity. These novel features expand the knowledge about this species, considering that previous studies mainly focused on its toxicity. Our study also provided characteristics that may help in avoiding misidentification between Cestrum members, especially when taxonomic keys cannot be employed, as in the absence of flowers and fruits.

Quality of Life of Elderly People Living in Different Types of Long-term Care Facilities

Abstract Population aging is a worldwide occurrence that has become urgent in developing countries. Quality of life can be measured to identify functional capacity and determine the degree of impact on quality of life exerted on an individual. This study aimed to measure the quality of life of elderly people who have been living in different long-term care facilities for the elderly. Therefore, this research was developed with a qualitative and descriptive approach. Data were obtained from medical records and interviews, and were analyzed in R language interpreter software on the Ubuntu Linux operating system. Seventy-nine elderly people participated in the study. Eleven lived in Home Marista, and 68 lived in Home Jesus Maria José. A socioeconomic questionnaire was used to collect data on the socioeconomic characteristics of the participants. The Mini-Mental State Exam was used to measure degree of cognition. The Short Form-36 Questionnaire was used to measure quality of life. The present study suggests that the results found can clarify the individual vulnerability of the elderly in the age group studied regardless of the type of residence. Despite the discrepancy found regarding the care provided at the long-term care facilities, the scores, obtained with the quality of life assessment, did not show significant differences.

Inhibition of α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase, and antioxidant property of Myrcia hatschbachii D. Legrand containing gallic and ellagic acids / Inhibición de la α-glucosidasa, la lipasa pancreática y la propiedad antioxidante de Myrcia hatschbachii D. Legrand que contiene ácidos gálico y elágico

Several species of the Myrcia genus have been used in folk medicine to treat diabetes. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate the inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase in the crude extract (EBF) and in the ethyl acetate fraction (FFA) of Myrcia hatschbachii, as well as to identify isolated phenolic compounds and to evaluate the antioxidant property and preliminary in vitro toxicity against Artemia salina. EBF (IC50: 3.21 µg/mL) and FFA (IC50: 1.14 µg/mL) showed inhibitory activity superior to acarbose (IC50: 193.65 µg/mL). In addition, they showed inhibitory effects of pancreatic lipase (IC50: 556.58 µg/mL for EBF and 532.68 µg/mL for FFA), antioxidant potential, absence of preliminary toxicity and presence of gallic andellagic acids in FFA. The relevant results in the inhibition of α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase motivate new studies for the development of herbal medicines that assist in the treatment of diabetic patients.

Varias especies del género Myrcia se han utilizado en la medicina popular para tratar la diabetes. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar la actividad inhibitoria de la α-glucosidasa y la lipasa pancreática en el extracto crudo (EBF) y en la fracción de acetato de etilo (FFA) de Myrcia hatschbachii, así como identificar compuestos fenólicos aislados y evaluar la propiedad antioxidante y toxicidad in vitro preliminar contra Artemia salina. EBF (IC50: 3.21 µg/mL) y FFA (IC50: 1.14 µg/mL) mostraron una actividad inhibitoria superior a la acarbosa (IC50: 193.65 µg/mL). Además, mostraron efectos inhibitorios de la lipasa pancreática (IC50: 556.58 µg/mL para EBF y 532.68 µg/mL para FFA), potencial antioxidante, ausencia de toxicidad preliminar y presencia de ácidos gálico y elágico en FFA. Los resultados relevantes en la inhibición de la α-glucosidasa y la lipasa pancreática motivan nuevos estudios para el desarrollo de medicamentos a base de hierbas que ayudan en el tratamiento de pacientes diabéticos.

Preliminary evaluation of the larvicidal activity of extracts and fractions from Ocotea nutans (Nees) Mez against Aedes aegypti.

INTRODUCTION: Aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue and yellow fever. Recently, the use of plant-sourced larvicides has gained momentum. METHODS: The hydroethanolic extracts and fractions ofOcotea nutansleaves and stems were bioassayed to determine the larvicidal efficacy of these samples. RESULTS: S-HEX (hexane fraction from the crude stem extract) demonstrated high potential for controlling third-stage larvae, with an LC50 of 14.14 µg.mL-1 (concentration required to inhibit 50% of the treated larvae). CONCLUSIONS: Extracts from O. nutans were effective against third-stage larvae ofA. aegyptiafter 24 h of exposure.

Chemical composition of the volatile oil of Croton glandulosus Linnaeus and its allelopathic activity.

Several essential oils have allelochemicals with phytotoxic effects. Croton species are producers of secondary metabolites with biological potential. In the present study, chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from aerial parts of Croton glandulosus Linnaeus was evaluated by gas chromatography and the phytotoxicity of the oil on Lactuca sativa seeds was evaluated for the first time. The yield of the essential oil was 0.12% (v/w). Chromatographic analysis allowed the identification of 97.49% of the total compounds present in the oil. Sesquiterpenes were found to be the predominant constituents of the volatile oil, with ß-caryophyllene (53.24%) being the major compound. Treatment with 0.1%-1% (v/v) of the essential oil inhibited the development of the hypocotyl and radicle of L. sativa to a greater extent compared to the inhibition of seed germination, demonstrating the phytotoxic effect of the oil.

Myrcia hatschbachii: antifungal activity and structural elucidation of ellagic and 3-O-methyl ellagic acids.

Natural products, especially plants, have been investigated as sources of new substances with antimicrobial properties. In this context, the Myrcia genus is extensively researched for presenting such activities. This work aims to evaluate the antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties of extracts and fractions of stems of Myrcia hatschbachii, also to characterize two phenolic compounds. The antibacterial and antifungal activities were assessed by using the broth microdilution method. The ethyl acetate fraction (FGA) inhibited the growth of Candida albicans at a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 15.6 µg/mL, presented 40% of phenolic compounds in its composition, obtained the most significant results in antioxidant methods (DPPH, FRAP, ABTS), besides the identification of ellagic and 3-O-methyl ellagic acids by NMR. Considering the relevant antifungal activity revealed by the fraction, new studies can be carried out to encourage the continuous search for antifungal alternatives.

Optimisation of Bjerkandera adusta culture conditions for the production of α-α-trehalose.

Several factors affect the vegetative growth of fungi, such as temperature, pH, and culture medium. In addition to mycelial growth, these factors affect metabolite production. There are limited studies that have identified the metabolites produced by the fungus Bjerkandera adusta, which have potential biotechnological applications. Here, we evaluated the effects of temperature, culture medium, and incubation time on the production of mycelial mass and metabolites of B. adusta isolated from Pinus taeda. The highest mycelial mass was obtained at 24 °C, in the potato dextrose and malt extract media, upon incubation for 28 and 35 days. The disaccharide α-α-trehalose was for the first time isolated and identified by X-ray diffraction in this fungal genus.

Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil Obtained from Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. (Myrtaceae)

Abstract Our study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves of Eugenia pyriformis Cambess., belonging to the Myrtaceae family and native to the Brazilian Atlantic forest. The volatile compounds in the essential oil were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC-MS; 36 compounds accounted for 78.80% of the total oil content. The major compounds were β-caryophyllene, bicyclogermacrene, globulol, and (δ-cadinene. We evaluated their antimicrobial potential of the essential oil and toxicity to Artemia salina. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was evaluated against 12 microorganisms using the broth microdilution method. Our results showed moderate inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MIC, 250 and 125 μg.mL-1, respectively) and toxicity to A. salina (LC50, 125.64 μg.mL-1). Our results establish the biological activity of the essential oil obtained from E. pyriformis.

Preliminary evaluation of the larvicidal activity of extracts and fractions from Ocotea nutans (Nees) Mez against Aedes aegypti

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue and yellow fever. Recently, the use of plant-sourced larvicides has gained momentum. METHODS: The hydroethanolic extracts and fractions ofOcotea nutansleaves and stems were bioassayed to determine the larvicidal efficacy of these samples. RESULTS: S-HEX (hexane fraction from the crude stem extract) demonstrated high potential for controlling third-stage larvae, with an LC50 of 14.14 µg.mL-1 (concentration required to inhibit 50% of the treated larvae). CONCLUSIONS Extracts from O. nutans were effective against third-stage larvae ofA. aegyptiafter 24 h of exposure.

Development of W1/O/W2 emulsion with gallic acid in the internal aqueous phase.

The aim of this work is to develop a W1/O/W2 multiple emulsion with gallic acid in the internal aqueous phase (W1). A quantification method for gallic acid using HPLC-UV was developed and validated. In the first step, a simple W1/O emulsion was prepared with distilled water, polyglycerol polyricinoleate, sodium chloride, gallic acid and pH 5.0 sodium acetate buffer system. The second step consisted of adding the simple emulsion to the external aqueous phase (W2) composed of distilled water, polysorbate 80 and xanthan gum. The multiple emulsion showed pseudoplastic behavior. After 28 days of analysis the multiple emulsion presented a stability index of 75% without pH variation, 89.61% of gallic acid concentration, 59.62% of antioxidant activity in the phosphomolybdenum complex assay and 80.58% of DPPH scavenging activity. It is concluded that the W1/O/W2 emulsion developed was stable for 28 days and maintained more than 50% of gallic acid antioxidant capacity.

Anatomy, micromorphology, and histochemistry of leaves and stems of Cantinoa althaeifolia (Lamiaceae).

This article enumerates the detailed anatomy of Cantinoa althaeifolia (Lamiaceae) illustrated with light and scanning electron microscopy images. The anatomical markers include the presence of branched nonglandular trichomes and capitate, peltate, and clavate types of glandular trichomes; prismatic crystals on the leaf and stem surfaces; and oil droplets in the leaf mesophyll. Histochemical tests and EDS analyses were performed in order to detect the composition of certain cells and their contents. The key findings of the present study can contribute to the taxonomy, species identification, and quality control of Cantinoa althaeifolia.

Comparison of two oral health-related quality-of-life measures in elderly patients: the influence of missing teeth, and socio demographic factors / Comparação entre dois instrumentos de avaliação de qualidade de vida em pacientes idosos: a influência da perda de dentes e fatores sociodemográficos

Objective: The Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP14) and the Geriatric/General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) have never been compared to a group of the same subjects in the Brazilian population. The aim of the study was to compare the OHIP-14 and GOHAI measures. Material and Methods: 129 independently living people over the age of 60 were included in the study. The GOHAI and OHIP-14 measures were used. Other variables were included: age, gender, education, number of missing teeth, annual household income and frequency of dentist visits. Results: The mean age of respondents was 65 years. The internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha) showed a high internal consistency for both measures. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between the GOHAI and OHIP-14 scores was 0.73. Using the additive method of creating scores, none of the respondents had the GOHAI score of zero, indicating no impact from oral conditions, while 9.3% of them had an OHIP-14 score of zero. Dental status, age, gendler and frequency of dental visit were significantly associated with the results ofthe GOHAI and the OHIP-14 (Kruskal­Wallis test, Mann­Whitney U test). Conclusions: There was a strong correlation between the GOHAI and the OHIP14. Both instruments demonstrated good discriminant properties and helped capture the respondents' oral health problems. (AU)

Objetivo: O Perfil de Impacto na Saúde Oral-14 (OHIP14) e o Índice Geral de Avaliação de Saúde Oral em Geriatria (GOHAI) nunca foram comparados a um grupo dos mesmos sujeitos na população brasileira. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar as medidas OHIP-14 e GOHAI. Material e Métodos: 129 pessoas independentes com idade superior a 60 anos foram incluídas no estudo. Foram utilizadas as medidas GOHAI e OHIP-14. Outras variáveis foram incluídas: idade, sexo, escolaridade, número de dentes ausentes, renda familiar anual e frequência de visitas ao dentista. Resultados: a média de idade dos entrevistados foi de 65 anos. A confiabilidade interna (alfa de Cronbach) mostrou uma alta consistência interna para ambas as medidas. O coeficiente de correlação de Spearman entre os escores GOHAI e OHIP-14 foi de 0,73. Utilizando o método aditivo de criação de escores, nenhum dos entrevistados obteve pontuação zero no GOHAI, indicando nenhum impacto das condições bucais, enquanto 9,3% deles tiveram pontuação zero no OHIP-14. O estado dentário, a idade, o sexo e a frequência da visita foram significativamente associados aos resultados do GOHAI e do OHIP-14 (teste de Kruskal-Wallis, teste de Mann-Whitney U). Conclusões: Houve uma forte correlação entre o GOHAI e o OHIP-14. Ambos os instrumentos demonstraram boas propriedades discriminantes e ajudaram a capturar os problemas de saúde bucal dos entrevistados. (AU)